Saturday, January 28, 2012

The Dangers of Rote Medicine

***Warning: the below blog includes the direct Emergency Room documentation of an attempt to resuscitate a patient who died***

I understand the value that routine and standard procedure can have in medicine. For example, Quality and Safety endeavors often turn to checklists and protocols to ensure that patients receive a standard of care and that errors are not made. The same goes for the way providers document in medical records. We often follow a set format, such as SOAP for Subjective-0bjective-Assessment-Plan with progress notes. But a recent experience reading the account of how one of our Housecalls patients died left me wondering if compassion and reflection have been squeezed out by rote medicine.

We recently enrolled a 97yo woman with dementia into our Housecall program. This woman had no surrogate decision maker although she had a devoted caregiver and community case manager. Conservatorship application was submitted but had not materialized and because her goals of care had not been clearly identified, there was no pre-hospital DNR or POLST form in her apartment.

She became acutely ill one day and her caregiver called 911. She was brought to the local hospital and, understandably because she had no DNR, subsequently underwent CPR and intubation. Not surprisingly, she died despite the attempt.

The code was documented as follows (bolding by myself):
"She went from bradycardic to asystolic, code was called. While she was being ventilated by bag valve mask, she was moved to the code room and was immediately intubated. The vocal cords were visualized using a MAC 3 blade and a 7.5 ET tube was passed through the cords under direct visualization by myself. There were no complications related to the procedure. She tolerated the procedure well. She was hooked to a monitor as this was being done and noted to be asystolic. She was given 3 rounds of epinephrine and atropine with internal checking of pulse in between each dose of medication. There was never any return of spontaneous circulation with the medications, and after a period of time she maintained asystolic. . . given attempts, given her age, given the lack of response to interventions, the code was subsequently called at xx:xx"

Is it just me or do others wonder at the insensitivity and rote-ness of writing "she tolerated the procedure well" when, in all likelihood, this woman was dying or dead when intubated??

by: Helen Kao
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Thursday, January 26, 2012

GOP Candidates on Advance Directives



We have learned a lot of lessons in Hospice and Palliative Care about how political discourse can impact our field and the care we give to individuals with serious illnesses.  You only have to go back to January of 2011 to see how the hysteria around death panels led to the removal of legislation that would have reimbursed physicians for advance care planning discussions.

As the GOP primaries continue to heat up, it will be important for us as a field to continue to pay attention to the rhetoric used on the campaign trail and discussed on nationally telavised debates.  One interesting yet brief exchange took place between in Tampa, Florida on January 23, 2012 between Newt Gingrich, Ron Paul, Rick Santorum, and Adam Smith of The Tampa Bay Times. This transcript was provided by the Chicago Tribune (and a big thank you to the reader who emailed me this exchange):

SMITH: Thank you. Senator Santorum, in 2005, Florida was in the middle of a huge national debate over Terri Schiavo, whether her feeding tube should be removed after the courts had ruled that she had been in a vegetative state for years. You were at the center, at the front of advocating congressional intervention to keep her alive. You even came down here, came to her bedside after a fund-raiser. Why should the government have more say in medical decisions like that than a spouse? 
SANTORUM: Well, number one, I didn't come to her bedside, but I did come down to Tampa. I was scheduled to come down anyway for that event, and it so happened that this situation was going on. I did not call for congressional intervention. I called for a judicial hearing by an impartial judge at the federal level to review a case in which you had parents and a spouse on different sides of the issue. And these were constituents of mine. The parents happen to live in Pennsylvania, and they came to me and made a very strong case that they would like to see some other pair of eyes, judicial eyes, look at it. And I agreed to advocate for those constituents because I believe that we should give respect and dignity for all human life, irrespective of their condition. And if there was someone there that wanted to provide and take care of them, and they were willing to do so, I wanted to make sure that the judicial proceedings worked properly. And that's what I did, and I would do it again. (APPLAUSE) 
SMITH: Do not resuscitate directives, do you think they're immoral? 
SANTORUM: No, I don't believe they're immoral. I mean, I think that's a decision that people should be able to make, and I have supported legislation in the past for them to make it. 
SMITH: Speaker Gingrich, in that case the courts had ruled repeatedly. How does that square, the Terri Schiavo, action with your understanding of the Constitution and separation of powers? 
GINGRICH: Well, look, I think that we go to extraordinary lengths, for example, for people who are on murderers row. They have extraordinary rights of appeal. And you have here somebody who was in a coma, who had, on the one hand, her husband saying let her die and her parents saying let her live. Now, it strikes me that having a bias in favor of life, and at least going to a federal hearing, which would be automatic if it was a criminal on death row, that it's not too much to say in some circumstances your rights as an American citizen ought to be respected. And there ought to be at least a judicial review of whether or not in that circumstance you should be allowed to die, which has nothing to do with whether or not you as a citizen have a right to have your own end-of-life prescription which is totally appropriate for you to do as a matter of your values in consultation with your doctor. 
SMITH: Congressman Paul, you're a doctor. What was your view of the Terri Schiavo case? 
PAUL: I find it so unfortunate, so unusual, too. That situation doesn't come up very often. It should teach us all a lesson to have living wills or a good conversation with a spouse. I would want my spouse to make the decision. And -- but it`s better to have a living will. But I don't like going up the ladder. You know, we go to the federal courts, and the Congress, and on up. Yes, difficult decisions. Will it be perfect for everybody? No. But I would have preferred to see the decision made at the state level. But I've been involved in medicine with things similar, but not quite as difficult as this. But usually, we deferred to the family. And it wasn't made a big issue like this was. This was way out of proportion to what happens more routinely. But I think it should urge us all to try to plan for this and make sure either that one individual that's closest to you makes the decision or you sign a living will. And this would have solved the whole problem.

So what do you make out of this?  Are you encouraged that the candidates have at least some healthy respect for Advance Directives and the right not to have CPR performed upon them?  Are you dismayed by some of the statements about judicial review for end of life decisions?

I for one am hopeful as the language used in this debate is very different than the language used during the debates about health care reform (in particular the provision to pay for advance care planning consultations).  I also can't help but to see the connection between this debate and something Diane Meier said in 2009 during a panel discussion with the Health Affairs Journal:
despite the current controversy over the advance care planning consultation provision, the ongoing debate “will turn out to be positive, as the Terry Schiavo debacle turned out to be positive. … We’ve begun to turn the tide on the lies about death panels. That’s all they are – lies – and we need to keep saying that.” Yes, we may have lost the battle in regards to the Advance Care Planning Consultation proposal, but the war is far from over.

by: Eric Widera
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Sunday, January 22, 2012

The MMSE Saga: An Assault of the Values of the Academic Profession


The MMSE saga has attracted great attention here on GeriPal and elsewhere since the breakthrough NEJM article of Newman and Feldman.

As readers Eric Widera's previous posts (here and here) know, the MMSE was one of the most widely used tests in medicine. It was a brief, easy to use screen to identify older persons with cognitive impairment. A generation of students learned to assess using cognitive function with the MMSE, and the MMSE was reproduced in textbooks worldwide.

But after allowing widespread use of the MMSE for decades, the developers enforced their copyright. The MMSE disappeared. A tool that was used to improve the care of older patients became unavailable. Medical progress went into reverse. Patient care suffered. We directly saw this negative impact on patient care at our VA hospital. The MMSE, which was available to all clinicians via our electronic medical record, disappeared. It became much much harder to offer cognitive testing to our patients.

Even worse, when a group of investigators at Harvard developed the Sweet16, an alternative to the MMSE that was easier to use and equally accurate, and offered it to the public free of charge, the enforcers of the MMSE copyright blocked access to the Sweet16. Again, medical progress was halted, and our patients were harmed.

Much of the discussion about the MMSE has focused on the legal rights of the MMSE developers and PAR, the company enforcing the copyright. Some blogs by legal scholars have suggested the copyright claims may not be solid, and the legal justication for squelching the Sweet16 may be questionable. For example, as Eric notes, virtually all the items in the MMSE were available long before the development of the MMSE.

But what if the MMSE copyright claims and the squelching of the Sweet16 are legally sound? What if every action was justifiable under copyright law? Should this impact how we judge the actions taken in this case?

Just because an act is legally defensible does not make it ethically or morally defensible. And the actions taken here are an affront to the values that guide medicine and scientific research.

Academic physicians have a particular obligation to advance and improve the practice of medicine. Most certainly, we have an obligation to not take any actions that will move the practice of medicine in a backward direction and be harmful to our patients.

The fame and accolades the developers of the MMSE accrued were well earned because this test proved to be a major advance in the practice of medicine. It brought accessible bedside methods of cognitive assessment to scores of clinicians. This greatly improved patient care. But the act of purging the MMSE from textbooks and websites harmed the practice of medicine, and did so in a way that is harmful to patients.

It may well be true from a legal perspective that there is a right to enforce a copyright on a clinical instrument after allowing the instrument to be used in clinical practice for decades. Perhaps from the point of view of copyright law, it is completely irrelevant whether one allows and encourages a tool to enter clinical practice.

But as academic researchers with responsibilities to improve care, it is hard to imagine an ethical justification for this action. Of note, one of the MMSE developers was chairman of a major academic department of psychiatry until 2003. Irrespective of the legal rights, this high position should confer an obligation to not take an act that would set back the practice of psychiatry.

The withdrawal of the MMSE from public access was bad enough. But the takedown of the Sweet 16 was really bad. A core ethic of medical research is the recognition that one's work falls into a larger mission: It is part of an ongoing effort by a community of researchers to continuously improve patient care. It does stand alone.

We should except that other researchers will follow us--questioning our work, and trying to make our work better. The MMSE authors should have expected and hoped that over time other researchers would further test their tool and try to improve it. Fong and colleagues were acting in the best scientific traditions when they tried to do this with the Sweet 16. To try to prohibit others from improving a test instrument seems analogous to a drug maker prohibiting others from modifying a chemical compound to a derivative that better improves health.

The MMSE presents fascinating legal issues. But the right action here does not really rest on a legal analysis. I hope the MMSE authors reconsider their approach, return the MMSE to public access, and withdraw from all attempts to block access to the Sweet 16.

by ken covinsky (@geri_doc)

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Friday, January 20, 2012

The Third Annual Hastings Center Cunniff-Dixon Physician Award

The 2012 recipients of the third annual Hastings Center Cunniff-Dixon Physician Awards were just recently announced. I was honored to be one of the recipients of this award last year, but am humbled by this year’s awardees. Richard Payne said it best in the Hastings Center press release: "This year's winners emerged from an exceptionally strong field of nominees and serve as models of competent, caring, compassionate doctoring."

The awardees for the 2012 year are:

Senior Physician Award: 

  • Janet Bull, MD.  Janet is the chief medical director and principal investigator of Four Seasons, a nonprofit hospice and palliative care organization in North Carolina. She is a role model for many palliative care clinicians thanks to her work that combines both clinical practice, research, and local and national leadership in hospice and palliative care. 

Mid-Career Award: 

  • Michael Rabow, MD.  Mike is a professor of clinical medicine at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). In addition to being one of the nicest palliative care doctors I have ever met, Mike is one of the true visionaries in palliative care. Among his numerous accomplishments, Mike developed one of the first outpatient palliative care clinics in the US, the Symptom Management Service at UCSF Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Care Center. 

Early-career Awards: 

  • Justin N. Baker, MD. Justin directs the Division of Palliative and End-of-Life Care and the Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He was recognized for his outstanding leadership and research in pediatric palliative care.
  • Jason Morrow, MD, PhD. Jason is the Medical Director of inpatient palliative care at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Jason was recognized “for his advocacy in expanding palliative care services and his passion for educating medical students, residents, and other physicians in clinical practices and ethics.” 
  • Theresa A. Soriano, MD, MPH. Theresa runs the Mount Sinai Visiting Doctors Program at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. She is being recognized in part for her advocacy and leadership in caring for underserved patients and bringing primary and palliative care to those who are homebound. 

A very big congratulations to all the awardees.  Thank you for all your hard work.

by: Eric Widera
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Thursday, January 19, 2012

Eprognosis gets Half a Million Hits in the First Week



Eprognosis is barely a week old, and we've already had over 500,000 pageviews (150,000 unique visitors).  For perspective, GeriPal is about 3 years old, and in that time we've had 400,000 pageviews.  We've had loads of press, including 6 stories in the New York Times about prognosis and eprognosis (Stories by Paula Span here, here, here, here, and here.  Story by Pauline Chen in today's paper here.  For a more complete list of media stories, see the eprognosis "About" page here.  Unexpectedly, about a quarter of our hits have come from Turkey, due to this news story.)

All this attention prompted my six year old son to say, wistfully, "I remember before daddy was famous" --  as if our lives have changed dramatically, and the paparazzi are chasing us down!

But seriously...what does all this mean?

The central objectives of our scholarly work on this topic were to: (1) promote consideration of prognosis in clinical decision making for older adults - because it leads to better clinical decisions and most older adults want to know; (2) promote patient-physician discussion of prognosis (3) evaluate the quality of prognostic tools for clinicians; and (4) make these tools available to clinicians.

Something happened along the way.  Eprognosis was designed for clinicians, and yet before we launched, we decided to allow the public access to the site.  We've been thoughtfully criticized for this decision.  The matriarch of my family, who is nearly 100 and enrolled in hospice, cautioned (via email!) that "numbers don't tell the whole story."  She and others have expressed concern that clinicians and the public may get the impression from eprognosis that a calculator can somehow solve the complexities of prognosis, and skip over the delicate work of prognosis communication.  See also this thoughtful post from Carol Levine, who wrote:
The primary reason that patients are referred to hospice so late is not that doctors don’t know the patient is dying but that they are reluctant to discuss the option.  For now, my suggestion is that ePrognosis is best used with a warning: “Do not try this at home. If you do and experience severe anxiety or contemplate drastic life changes, consult your physician right away.”
We were deeply ambivalent about the decision to allow non-clinicians access to the site.  On the one hand, we worried that the average lay person doesn't have the medical sophistication to gauge the applicability of an index to their clinical situation, much less correctly input the variables and interpret the statistical results.  On the other hand, culture change around these discussions is not likely to occur if we focus solely on motivating clinicians to talk with patients about prognosis.  We believed that we'd have far greater potential for promoting a national (or international) conversation about this topic if we opened the site to patients and caregivers, encouraging them to discuss the information with their clinician.

What do you think?  Should we have opened eprognosis up to the general public? Should we require clinicians to log-in and provide evidence of their clinical credentials to access the site (if this is possible)?  Or should we push forward, helping lay users access and interpret the information, activating patients and caregivers to have informed discussions with their clinicians?

by: Alex Smith
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Tuesday, January 10, 2012

Prognostic Indices In Patient Care: Useful or Waste of Time?

Many clinical decisions in older persons are dependent on life expectancy. For example, as life expectancy declines, cancer screening is likely to do more harm than good. Also, persons who have limited life expectancy may want to plan, discuss their values, and consider palliative care approaches of care in addition to care focused on living as long as possible.

But can one actually predict life expectancy accurately in an individual patient? In an oustanding review of prognostic indices to predict life expectancy in older persons just published in JAMA, Dr. Lindsey Yourman suggests the glass may be more then half empty. Dr. Yourman is an internal medicine resident at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. Other authors include Alex Smith (senior author), Sei Lee, and Eric Widera of UCSF and Mara Schonberg of Beth Israel Hospital.

So what are the problems with prognostic indices? Well first, at least when applied to an individuals, they are of limited accuracy. For example, lets say you apply a prognostic index to 2 patients. If the index were perfect, it would always assign a lower life expectancy to the patient who dies first. However, Yourman found the best indices identified the patient who dies first no more than 85% of the time. Many indices identify the right patient less than 70% of the time. When you consider that flipping a coin will be correct 50% of the time, this does not sound so great.

But it is even worse than that. The accuracy of prognostic indices is often tested under ideal and controlled conditions. When you see a research report of a prognostic index, you see how well it did in a group of patients specified by the researchers. But how accurate will the index be in your patient? Invariably, the answer is less accurate. This is because your patients are never quite the same as the patients in the research study. Further, you will probably measure the risk elements in a somewhat different way than the researchers.

The answer to this seems simple enough. If we want to know the accuracy of the prognostic index, it should be tested by a new group of investigators in completely new patients. But as Yourman reports, this is almost never done.

So, does this mean we should do away with prognostic indices? No. It just means we should use them intelligently. Prognostic indices are ultimately not that different from any other clinical tool or diagnostic test. Just like you should never look at a test result in isolation, you should never look at a prognostic estimate in isolation. You think about the extent to which it is likely to apply to the patient right in front of you. You think about whether there are characteristics of your patient that were not considered in the prognostic index. And you use it as an additional tool in decision making--integrating the information with knowledge about the patient's clinical circumstances, and their values and care preferences.

As an additional source of information, prognostic indices can be quite valuable, if used to supplement clinical judgement. But clinicians who use them in isolation, to supplant clinical judgement are probably better served by avoiding prognostic indices.

Clinicians (and patients too) now have easy access to these prognostic indices. The authors of the JAMA article have developed a website, ePrognosis, that has converted all the indices reviewed in the article to easy calculators. It is a great tool, that will improve access to prognostic information. But perhaps the danger of ePrognosis is that it is too easy. In a matter of minutes, you can input a few elements of patient data and the calculator will spit out a probability of survival.

Using ePrognosis intelligently will take much more work. Whether that number is actually accurate for your patient, and how you should apply it to their care is as much medical art as science.

by: Ken Covinsky
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Saturday, January 7, 2012

Copyright and Access to Taxpayer Funded Research



This is the third post in a series on copyright in medicine. We started off the series with two posts. The first discussed the importance of a NEJM article advocating for the greater use of copyleft licenses in medicine. The second detailed the dubious copyright infringement claims by the authors and owners of the mini-mental state exam. This last post in the series is a call for help maintain a bare minimum of open access to taxpayer funded research.

A new Association of American Publishers (AAP) backed bill titled the “Research Works Act” is threatening the currnet National Institutes of Health (NIH) public access policy. The current NIH policy requires that all final peer-reviewed journal manuscripts that arise from NIH funds be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication, and that these papers are accessible to the public on PubMed Central no later than 12 months after publication.

Despite an overly restrictive period of up to 12 months before making these works open to the public, Representatives Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) and Darrell Issa (R-CA) have decided to move forward with a bill that would effectively end open access to work funded by the federal government.  The language of the bill is simple in its destructive power:
"No Federal agency may adopt, implement, maintain, continue, or otherwise engage in any policy, program, or other activity that:  
(1) causes, permits, or authorizes network dissemination of any private-sector research work without the prior consent of the publisher of such work;  
or

 (2) requires that any actual or prospective author, or the employer of such an actual or prospective author, assent to network dissemination of a private-sector research work (i.e any non-governmental agency like a university). 

Many journalists and bloggers have been up in arms over this issue.  Major outlets including Scientific American, WIRED, and the Atlantic, have had articles lambasting the bill.  So, what can be done?  Michael Eisen from UC Berekely said the following in his blog post:
“It is inexcusable that a simple idea – that no American should be denied access to biomedical research their tax dollars paid to produce – could be scuttled by a greedy publisher who bought access to a member of Congress.” [Referring to political contributions that Dutch publisher Elsevier made to Rep Maloney] 

He goes on to urge his readers to:
“call/write/email/tweet Representative Maloney today, and tell her you support taxpayer access to biomedical research results. Ask her why she wants cancer patients to pay Elsevier $25 to access articles they’ve already paid for. And demand that she withdraw H.R. 3699."
By far the easiest thing anyone reading this post can do is to start off by tweeting Rep Maloney at  either @RepMaloney or @CarolynBMaloney.  I would also strongly encourage you to tweet Rep Issa at @darrellissa, as he proudly proclaims himself to be for "an #OPEN, accessible & uncensored internet" (makes you wonder why he proposes cutting off open access to journal articles).

Deevy Bishop, from BishopBlog, takes it one step further with a call to arms for her academic colleagues:
“We provide the articles for Elsevier journals, and we do a lot of unpaid work reviewing and editing for them. None of us wants to restrict our opportunities for publishing, but these days there are a lot of outlets available. When deciding where to submit a paper, I suspect that most academics, like me, take little notice of who the publisher of a journal is. I focus more on whether the journal has a good editor, my prior experience of publication lags, and whether Open Access is available. But as from now, I shall include publisher in the criteria I adopt, and avoid Elsevier as far as I can. Also, if asked to review for a journal, I’ll check if it is in the Elsevier stable, using this handy website, and if so, I’ll explain why I’m not prepared to review. I suggest that if you are as annoyed as I am by this story, you do likewise, and refuse to engage with Elsevier journals.” 

I probably wouldn't go as far as Deevy Bishop and I don't think it is fair to single out Elsevier, but it does make me think of all the free labor that I willing give to these journals.   A similar option is to take a "don't peer-review articles from non-open access journals" approach as seen in this letter by Michael Ashburner posted on Casey Bergman’s blog.

Lastly, you can make your voice heard also to the the National Science and Technology Council's Task Force on Public Access to Scholarly Publications. There is a Request for Information (RFI) on the Federal Register's website that closes on January 12 (ignore the date on the website, the deadline was extended).  This is not part of the bill, but it is another way to get your voice heard.

If you don’t know what to say for the RFI or in the letters to your representative, look at this link from the Provost of Harvard University, Alan M. Garber.   Alternatively, you can also just ask for the bare minimum of open access protect as suggested by Stevan Harnad:

(i) the fundee’s revised, accepted refereed final draft 
(ii) of all refereed journal articles (including refereed conference articles) resulting from the funded research must be 
(iii) deposited immediately upon acceptance for publication 
(iv) in the fundee’s institutional repository. 
(v) Access to the deposit must be made gratis OA (online access free for all) immediately (no OA embargo) wherever possible (over 60 % of journals already endorse immediate gratis OA self-archiving).

By Eric Widera (@ewidera)

Addendum: for an excellent round-up of blog posts on this subject go to John Dupuis' blog.
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Friday, January 6, 2012

Should for-profit hospices be banned? Or are they victims of a witch hunt?

10 year stock price of Gentiva, the nation's fastest growing for-profit hospice provider
For-profit hospice has been in the news recently, and the press has not been favorable.  We have this from a recent lengthy article in the Washington Post:
"Hospice care, once chiefly a charitable cause, has become a growth industry, with $14 billion in revenue, 1,800 for-profit providers and a base of Medicare-covered patients that doubled to 1.1 million from 2000 to 2009. Compensation based on enrollment numbers, pay to nursing-home doctors who double as hospice medical directors, and gifts to the nursing facilities have helped fuel the boom, according to a study of 1,000 pages of court documents and interviews with more than 45 hospice employees, patients and family members."
And from Wednesday's Kaiser Health News, we have:
"A national hospice company improperly cycled patients through nursing homes and hospice with a goal of making as much profit as possible from Medicare, according to a whistleblower lawsuit announced this week."
All of this press on the heels of a terrific JAMA article by Melissa Wachterman and Ellen McCarthy at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center that described differences between for-profit and nonprofit hospices.  Seven percent of patients in for-profit hospices had lengths of stay of greater than one year, compared to three percent in nonprofit.  For-profit hospices enrolled nearly twice as many patients with dementia - patients with lower skilled needs and longer lengths of stay.
St. Christopher's Hospice, a nonprofit hospice established
by Cicely Saunders in 1967

And yet, for-profit hospices probably do some things that nonprofits don't do well.  The flip side of the above findings is that for-profit hospices are terrific at enrolling patients with advanced dementia, a terminal disease needing palliative care.  For-profits tend to be larger, and because of the economies of scale associated with size, they're able to provide more "open access" care to patients who are not yet ready to transition to an exclusively palliative approach.  The argument can be made that most patients do not enroll in hospice long enough to realize the benefits.  With this phenomena in mind, longer lengths of stay are a good thing - to a point - but where is that point?  This is a central issue at stake.

What to make of all this?  Is it possible to align the goals of outstanding end-of-life care with a for-profit model?  Is it ethical?

One argument is to allow for-profit hospices to continue, but place better safeguards and do a better job of rooting out fraud and abuse.  Another argument could be made for banning for-profit hospices.

As a community, we have a lot skin in the game.  Many of AAHPM's members and leaders work for for-profit hospices, including the current president, the medical director of Gentiva, the nation's fastest growing for-profit hospice provider.  Many others work for Vitas. Amusingly, Vitas, the nation's largest provider of care to the terminally ill, is owned by Chemed Corporation, whose other holding is roto-rooter, the nation's largest plumbing and drain-cleaning provider.

As these arguments play out in the press, congress, and the courts, we should try to sharpen our message as a community about the role of profit in the hospice industry.   The risks of not thinking this through and letting others craft the message are too great.

by: Alex Smith
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Friday, December 30, 2011

MMSE and Copyrights Part II: Is the MMSE Derivative of Some Other Work?


A couple of days ago we covered Dr. John Newman's NEJM perspectives piece that focused attention on how a company, PAR, is trying to charge clinicians everytime they use the MMSE in clinical practice. To make matters worse, PAR is also trying to take down other tests, like the Sweet 16, that are thought to be derivative of the MMSE. As upsetting as this is, it does beg the question of how the originators of the MMSE, Marshal and Susan Folstein, came up with their test, and whether it is derivative of any other previous cognitive screens.

The origin of the MMSE, as claimed by the Folsteins and PAR, is as follows (taken from the PAR blog):

"We developed the MMSE to solve a clinical problem on a geriatric psychiatric inpatient service. The diagnoses of patients on our unit included depression, dementia, delirium, and occasional late-life schizophrenia. We needed a practical quantitative cognitive exam in order to aide clinicians in determining the severity of cognitive impairment ranging from mild to severe and to document improvement or decline. 
At the time, Susan was a psychiatry resident rotating on the geriatric psychiatric unit where I (Marshal) was a junior attending. Always a perfectionist, she was not happy when I repeatedly asked for cognitive information that she had not asked about. So she asked me to write down all the items that I wanted her to include."

So how did Dr. Folstein come up with these questions? Did he think up these questions without any knowledge of previous short cognitive screens or were they derivative of some other work? Although I can’t go back into Dr. Folstein’s brain and answer that question, I can try to answer the following questions that may shed some light on the topic.

1. Was the MMSE the first to create a short cognitive test? 

In a previous interview, the Folsteins' colleague, Dr. Paul McHugh, recalls the origin of the MMSE:
“We were just kids; we didn’t have any training. We just needed it to do our work everyday… And once we had it, it became obvious that nobody else had anything else like it.” 
Well that’s not technically true. Four years before McHugh and the Folsteins first published their work on the MMSE, Eileen Withers and John Hinton published a paper in the British Journal of Psychiatry documenting no less than 3 other short cognitive tests (a big thanks for Deevy Bishop from BishopBlog for the citation). These tests were described as clinical tests of the sensorium (CTS) and comprised some of the “most of the commonly used tests” used by clinicians (and yes that is a quote from 4 years prior to the introduction of the MMSE).

Some of the questions used by Withers and Hinton look an awful lot like the MMSE questions.  They include questions on orientation to time and place, registration and recall, attention and calculation (serial 7’s), and repeating a sentence.  Sound familiar PAR?


2. Was the MMSE the first cognitive test to use orientation questions (i.e. what year is it)? 

This is a pretty definitive no. In addition to the 1971 article cited above, there are lots of examples of tests that include questions on orientation to time and place as the MMSE does. For instance, in a 1945 manuscipt by David Wechsler describing his Wechsler memory scale.  Attached is a modified version of the Wechsler scale that clearly shows similarities to the MMSE questions.



3. Was the MMSE the first cognitive test to use brief registration and recall questions? 

This is clearly not the case. You can look back to a 1943 manuscript from the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine to see that these types of memory tests are “by no means novel”:

“The use of simple memory tests in psychiatric assessment is by no means novel... Tests requiring recall of a small number of unrelated items after a slightly longer interval, as a rule five or ten minutes. An example is the so-called "Name, Address and Flower" test." 

4. What about serial 7’s (counting down from 100 by 7)?

Serial 7's is another part of the MMSE that tests attention and calculation.  Serial 7's were used long before the MMSE though.  John Hinton and Eileen Withers best describe the history of serial 7’s in their 1971 manscipt “The Usefulness of the Clinical Tests of the Sensorium” published in the British Journal of Psychiatry: 

"Continuous addition and subtraction tests have been used for years by clinicians, including Kraepelin… Ruesch (1944) found the Serial Sevens test was a useful pointer in patients who suffered a head injury; the test results related to the extent of coma, confusion and intellectual impairment.” 

5. Was the MMSE the first cognitive test to include repetition of a sentence? 

Hmmm.  I wonder where Folstein got the idea to add a sentence that the patient is supposed to repeat verbatim?   Well, you can easily date back repetition of a sentence to as early as 1930. In her 1930 paper titled “An experiment in the measurement of mental deterioration in the Archives of Psychology”, Harriet Babcock described a sentence repetition test.  The sentence reads:  "One thing a nation must have to become rich and great is a large secure supply of wood." This sentence is supposed to be repeated alternately by the examiner and the patient until the latter gives the correct sentence.

6.  Surely something needs to be novel in the MMSE?  What about the overlapping polygons? 

No again. The double-pentagon copy is a variation of the much older Bender-Gestalt Figures, as acknowledged by the Folsteins' 1975 paper:

“The second part tests ability to name, follow verbal and written commands, write a sentence spontaneously, and copy a complex polygon similar to a Bender-Gestalt Figure; the maximum score is nine.” 

Summing it Up

In the end we can see that the MMSE is indeed very much derivative of other work that predated it. This does not undermine the significance of Marshal and Susan Folstein's work and the impact their cognitive screen has had on the care of the elderly. It does though show the hypocrisy of trying to take down material that PAR and the Folsteins believe is derivative of their work.

by: Eric Widera


Addendum:

There have been some other exceptional reviews on the legal and moral issues with PAR's stance.  They include:

The Laboratorium - James Grimmelmann from the Institute for Information Law and Policy at New York Law School gives a legal analysis of PARs copyright claim.  My favorite line: "any copyright claim here is legally weak and morally indefensible".

Techdirt filed this under "horrifying" - Doctors Discover Copyright Law: Cognitive Screening Test Killed Over Infringement Claims.  Best line from this post:
But, even just getting beyond the copyright issue here, the very fact that Marshal Folstein, Susan Folstein, and Paul McHugh, along with their partner, Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR), are using copyright to stifle important and useful processes for diagnosing cognitive states should simply be repugnant to all.
Mindhacks - I'd check out this link mainly to read the sentence after this one - "Cashing-in on a simple and now, clinically essential, bedside test that you’ve ignored for three decades makes you seem, at best, greedy." 

Slashdot - 111 comments and counting.  Not very flattering for PAR and the Folsteins

NEJM review: Newman, J., & Feldman, R. (2011). Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside New England Journal of Medicine, 365 (26), 2447-2449 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1110652
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Wednesday, December 28, 2011

Copyrights and Copylefts in Medicine: The Case of the Wayward MMSE



The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is the most widely used cognitive screening test. Many have attributed this to the relative simplicity, portability, and brevity of the MMSE, as well as its ability to track the change in cognition over time. However, undoubtedly the biggest reason is that for most of its nearly 40 year life span, it has been free for anyone to use and reproduce, as the creators of the MMSE never enforced their copyright.

Our previous GeriPal post on the MMSE's copyright describes how times have changed:

“This test used to be freely available online, in books, and on pocket cards that were distributed to medical students and residents throughout the country. This all changed in March of 2001 when MiniMental, LLC (the current owners of the MMSE copyright) granted Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR) the exclusive rights to publish, license, and manage all intellectual property rights to the MMSE. Suddenly, after decades of neglect, PAR began enforcing the copyright on the MMSE (see "stealth patents"). Now physicians would have to pay about $1 per test, and importantly, another barrier to cognitive screening was erected.” 

Now I’m not against people making money out of their work, but I do believe that it is an ethically and academically bankrupt act to quietly hold on to a copyright until a market emerges for it, and then enforce it for financial gain.

It can’t be legal though, right? Despite talk from many arguing that the MMSE’s copyright has been lost due to lack of enforcement, no one has contested PAR’s position in court. In fact, PAR is aggressively taking down other improved cognitive screening tests – most notably the Sweet 16 (see the comment section of our previous geripal post on this subject).

Some academicians are fighting back, although not necessarily in a court of law. John Newman (a research fellow at UCSF’s Division of Geriatrics) and Robin Feldman, a professor of law at the University of California Hastings, shot an opening salvo of sorts in their New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) perspectives piece titled “Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside” (which is free to download).
John Newman, MD, PHD

Drs. Newman and Feldman warn that the case of the MMSE should be viewed as harbinger of things to come when copyright law mixes with medicine:

“Many clinical tools we take for granted, such as the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, fall into the same “benign neglect” copyright category as the MMSE did before 2000. At any time, they might be pulled back behind a wall of active copyright enforcement by the authors or their heirs.” 

As a way around this sad state of affairs, Drs. Newman and Feldman argue that:

"Any new tool developed with public funds should be required to use a copyleft or similar license to guarantee the freedom to distribute and improve it, similar to the requirement for open-access publication of research funded by the National Institutes of Health."

I couldn’t agree more with the authors. In fact, if you scroll down to the bottom of the GeriPal webpage, you’ll find a type of copyleft license, a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. This means you are free to share (to copy, distribute and transmit the work), to Remix (to adapt the work), and to make commercial use of any work on GeriPal. The two requirements are that you cite GeriPal and that you agree to “Share Alike” (if you alter, transform, or build upon a GeriPal post than you must distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.)

I’d also like to take it one step further than the NEJM perspectives piece. As clinicians, educators, and researchers, we should also avoid using clinical tools that do not conform to the copyleft standard. The MMSE is no longer a major part of my teaching as a clinician-educator.  I actually now advocate against its everyday use. In addition to PAR's stance on the MMSE's copyright, I find that the MMSE is far to heavily weighted on orientation and language questions, and largely ignores executive functioning tasks. It also does a poor job discriminating between cognitively normal adults and those with MCI or with early dementia.

There are alternatives to the MMSE, most notably the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).  It is a free, brief, and validated screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI and dementia (http://www.mocatest.org).  And unlike the MMSE, the MoCA has never wavered in its copyright permissions.


By: Eric Widera


References:

Newman, J., & Feldman, R. (2011). Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside New England Journal of Medicine, 365 (26), 2447-2449 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1110652
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Wednesday, December 21, 2011

'Tis the Season: The BMJ Christmas Edition


It's the most wonderful time of the year. No, not because those damn kids jingle belling and everyone telling you "be of good cheer". And not because of those holiday greetings and gay happy meetings when friends come to call. It's the hap-happiest season of all because I just got the BMJ christmas edition in my inbox! 

What, you were not so lucky?  Well, I guess someone is on someone else's not so nice list.  Don't worry though, I'll recap the three key lessons I learned after perusing the issue:

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1) Never write "Stable Vitals" or "Observations Stable" in a Chart 

There are a lot of meaningless rituals that make it into physicians’ notes. One of the most common is using the term “stable” to refer to all aspects of patient care. The most common in the US is the term “stable vitals”. In the UK, “stable observations” takes "stable vitals" place. No matter which you choose, both convey little valuable information as demonstrated a retrospective study on the relevance of the expression “observation stable” in physicians notes.

The authors of the study reviewed physician notes of 46 inpatients in three teaching hospitals in the UK. For each physician note containing the phrase observations stable (or “obs stable”) the authors also recorded the nursing observations (ie temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) from the bedside chart during the preceding 24 hours.

The authors found that 78% of 46 inpatients reviewed had either either “obs stable” or “observations stable” written in the physicians notes. Nursing observations in the 24 hours preceding these entries included at least one abnormality in the vital signs in 71% of cases and a persistent abnormality in 19% (most commonly either tachypnea and hypotension). Nearly half (42%) of these physician notes came immediately after an abnormality was documented by nurses in the chart.




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2. Health Care Providers and Policy Makers Need to Practice What We Preach 

A little piece of me dies every time I walk into our canteen after counseling a patient to cut down on the amount of salt he or she takes in.  The menu of items I have to choose from includes fries, pizza, hamburgers, deli sandwiches, and bags of chips.

Three researches from the Netherlands apparently had a similar reaction when going into the institutions of “salt policy makers”, so they assessed the salt content of hot meals served in 18 canteens.  The canteens in the study included that of the Department of Health, the Health Council, the Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, university hospitals, and affiliated non-university hospitals.

Salt content of standard hot meals collected from these canteens on three random days revealed that they exceeded the total daily recommended salt intake of 6 g at all locations. As you may of guessed, the university hospital staff canteens were the worst in regards to salt intake. The authors conclusions sums it up nicely:

“It is impossible for salt policy makers to adhere to their guidelines for salt intake if they eat the hot lunch provided in their workplaces. The mean salt content of the meal alone exceeded the total daily allowance, translating into up to a 36% increase in mortality compared with adherence to the guideline.” 

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3. Walk Faster than 3 miles an hour to Outrun the Grim Reaper 

I save the best for last.  A group of Australian researchers in this study were very concerned about determining the speed at which the Grim Reaper (aka Death) walks.  Using data from a population based prospective study of 1705 older community dwelling men living in Sydney, Australia, the authors compared walking speed and mortality.  They further used receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to determine the optimal walking speed to avoid contact with the Grim Reaper.

Long story made short, older men who walked faster than 0.82 m/s were 1.23 times less likely to die than those who walked slower. No one walking at least 1.36 m/s (3 miles or 5 km per hour) died. The authors thereby concluded:
“The Grim Reaper’s preferred walking speed is 0.82 m/s (2 miles (about 3 km) per hour) under working conditions. As none of the men in the study with walking speeds of 1.36 m/s (3 miles (about 5 km) per hour) or greater had contact with Death, this seems to be the Grim Reaper’s most likely maximum speed; for those wishing to avoid their allotted fate, this would be the advised walking speed.” 

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Now I must get back to those parties for hosting,  marshmallows for toasting, and caroling out in the snow.  And those scary ghost stories, and tales of the glories of Christmases long, long ago.  

Happy holidays! 

Eric Widera

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Sunday, December 11, 2011

SIT DOWN!!

Sometimes the best ideas are so simple that you both marvel at their eloquence and wonder why you never thought of them.

In a perspective in the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Dan Wolpaw, a General Internist and Educator at Case Western Reserve University presents a simple and eloquent idea that can transform the quality of medical care and medical education. Dr. Wolpaw suggests we add a portable stool to the equipment we carry on patient care rounds.

Morning walk rounds are a long standing part of medical culture. Teams of doctors walk the halls going from room to room to see each of their patients and develop care plans. But Wolpaw notes that less and less time is spent truly talking to patients. Team members talk to each other outside the room. Then the team approaches the patient, often standing around the patient who is lying in bed. We don't see the patient eye to eye, but literally look down on them. Wolpaw observes that after rounds, the team does take time to sit down, as they approach the computer "eye to eye" to do their charting. As Wolpaw notes:

"There is a bizarre geography that has doctors standing over patients, and then later sitting eye to eye with computer screens--a geography that sets the stage for intimidation. poor communication, and quick exits from human beings, while supporting intimate relationships with an electronic medical record."

To encourage more eye to eye patient contact, Dr. Wolpaw started carrying a portable camping stool on patient care rounds. (If you google "portable camping stool", you will find many that you can purchase for less than $20). As the team entered rooms, the stool was passed to the member who was going to talk to the patient.

The stool totally transformed patient care rounds! Wolpaw observes:

"It was remarkable how a low-tech piece of equipment moved our team from the dry efficiency of updates and to-do lists to the fundamental process of caring for the patient."

Somehow, talking to patients eye to eye changes the tenor of conversations. Team members stopped using jargon and started talking more naturally with patients. Team doctors understood their patients better, and patients felt more cared for. This deeper connection brought a new found joy of doctoring to the team.

What a great idea! How could we not try this? Maybe a portable stools should be as common place on patient rounds as a stethoscope!

by: Ken Covinsky
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Wednesday, December 7, 2011

Discussing Prognosis When Longevity Is the Only Life Limiting Condition

I think we all probably agree that health care providers should give patients with a life limiting illness the option to discuss their prognosis. But what about discussing prognosis with those patients who may not have any particular life limiting illness, but have just lived a long life? Are we as forthcoming about prognosis in this population as we are with a population of patients with advanced cancer? Should we be?

In this week's New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Alex Smith ventures outside of the blogosphere to give his perspectives on discussing prognosis with very elderly patients who may not have a dominant terminal condition.  Along with Brie Williams and Bernie Lo, Alex lays out in this perspectives piece the importance of and the barriers to having these types of discussions.

I won't recap the article here, except to restate the overarching recommendation that clinicians should “routinely offer to discuss the overall prognosis for elderly patients with a life expectancy of less than 10 years, or at least by the time a patient reaches 85 years of age.”

The field of palliative care has come a long way in getting physicians to discuss prognosis with critically or terminally ill patients. Kudos to Alex for highlighting the importance of doing the same for the vast majority of elderly patients who fall outside of these nicely defined groups.

Questions though remain and the expertise of both the geriatrics and palliative care community are needed to sort through them.  Some that come to my mind include:

  • How should we determine prognosis in this group as just age is too blunt of a tool.  Should we use prognostic indices, clinical judgment, or a combination of both?
  • How much confidence do you need in a either a prognostic index or clinical judgement for it to change management on clinical issues like cancer screening?  If an 85 year old has only a 25% chance of living 10 or more years, is that too low to recommend colon cancer screening?  
  • What should we be doing differently in those patients that are identified as being at high risk of dying in the next year versus the next 5 years (a common scenario in the oldest old)?
  • How do we make these discussions the norm and not the exception?

I'd love to hear your perspective on Alex's piece.  Please comment below.

by: Eric Widera
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Tuesday, December 6, 2011

Potpourri from Clinical Work V

The following observations and questions came up during my recent work as palliative care attending.  Thoughts and responses are welcome:

  • How well do so-called "bridge" programs work?  These are the home-care programs for patients who qualify but whose goals do not align with hospice, or who have serious illness but a prognosis outside of the hospice criteria (e.g. 1 year rather than 6 months).  I have heard rumors that bridge programs may drop patients who do not "cross the bridge" to hospice, or who do not have profitable insurance.  Does anyone know of any studies desribing these programs, and critically evaluating the quality of their services?  This seems to be a potentially important avenue of research.
  • Problems with VA hospice contracts for residential hospice.  A number of area SNF/nursing homes are not accepting the VA hospice contract, or prioritizing it so low as to effectively not accept it.  The fact that the VA will pay for residential hospice care (including room and board) for veterans has always struck me as a very important benefit for this population.  So many veterans lack informal caregivers to provide for their daily needs, and lack the financial resources to hire private help.  Hospice alone - generally a few visits a week - is not nearly enough.  They need the custodial care that the residential benefit provides.  I hope our area issue is not a sign of a national trend toward making placement of veterans in a residential hospice difficult, or (worse) impossible.
  • Opioid analgesia in patients with liver failure.  Does anyone have a good reference?  I read this one and this one, but wasn't particularly impressed.  There doesn't seem to be a fast fact on the topic.

by: Alex Smith
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Monday, December 5, 2011

Treating Pain to Reduce Behavioral Disturbances in Dementia


There have been a lot of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions proposed for the all too common behavioral complications of dementia. Some non-pharmacologic methods have shown to be successful in reducing not only the number of troubling dementia related behaviors, but also in improving caregiver burden (read about the REACH VA here).

Pharmacologic interventions have not had similar success, although you wouldn’t guess that based on current prescribing habits. Many health care providers still write for mood stabilizers, like valproic acid, despite a high risk of side effects when used in this population and the paucity of evidence showing any effectiveness in improving behaviors. Antipsychotics, on the other hand, have shown some modest efficacy for the treatment of aggression and psychosis over a short 6–12 week course. However, they also have a nasty little habit of causing death in those who take them.

What if, instead of trying to treat the symptom of aggression or agitation, health care providers focus on the root causes of these behaviors? That is what appears to have occurred in a recent BMJ article by Bettina Husebo and colleagues titled “Efficacy of treating pain to reduce behavioral disturbances in residents of nursing homes with dementia: cluster randomized clinical trial.” (FYI - the article is free to download)

In this cluster randomized controlled trial, the authors looked at whether a systematic approach to the treatment of pain can reduce agitation in people with dementia. They randomized 352 norwegian nursing home residents with moderate to severe dementia and clinically significant behavioral disturbances to either usual care or a stepwise protocol for the treatment of pain. The stepwise protocol consisted of daily treatment of pain for 8 weeks with paracetamol (acetaminophen), morphine, buprenorphine transdermal patch, or pregabaline (see table).



What the authors found was that those individuals assigned to the stepwise pain protocol had significantly reduced levels of agitation after eight weeks of treatment, with an average reduction in scores for agitation of 17% based on the Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory.  The pain protocol group also had improved pain and aggression scores as compared to the usual care group.

I believe the reason that physicians think mood stabilizers are effective for dementia related behaviors is that these medications likely sedate the older adult with Alzheimers to the point where behaviors are no longer disruptive. Is this the same case for the pain protocol?  I doubt it. As the authors point out, most of the patients in this study took only acetaminophen for pain control (see table for %’s). In addition, the intervention and control groups didn’t differ at the end of the study in regards to their cognitive status or activities of daily living, suggesting that sedation was not the reason for the improved agitation scores in the pain protocol group.

A cautionary note needs to be made about this study and the use of pain protocols for dementia related behaviors.  There are many other reasons besides pain that individuals have troubling dementia related behaviors, including other physical problems like constipation and urinary retention.  A careful assessment of patients is still necessary, as is a non-pharmacologic approach to dealing with these behaviors.  

by: Eric Widera
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Friday, November 25, 2011

Too Much of A Good Thing


There is an estimated 6.7 million emergency hospitalizations every year in the US. One out of every 67 of these hospitalizations is due to an adverse drug event.

This is just one of the many interesting, although somewhat questionable points made by Daniel S. Budnitz and colleagues NEJM article titled “Emergency Hospitalizations for Adverse Drug Events in Older Americans”.   It's a compelling article that, in part, attempts to persuade the reader that most emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older adults are not the result of physicians prescribing inappropriate medications like those listed in the Beers criteria.  Rather, the vast majority of hospitalizations are the result of a few commonly used medications, like warfarin, aspirin, plavix, and insulin.   This would be an interesting finding, if it were true.  Unfortunately, after reading this article I'm not sure it is.

Let's start with the primary outcomes that the authors looked at - "hospitalization after an emergency department visit for an adverse event due to medications". Here is a sampling of what they found:

  • Over a quarter of a million (265,802) emergency department visits for adverse drug events occur annually among adults 65 years of age or older. 
  • Over a third (38%) emergency department visits for adverse drug events require hospitalization 
  • Nearly half (48%) of hospitalizations for adverse drug events involved adults 80 years of age or older 
  • Two thirds of the hospitalizations (67.0%) were the result of either warfarin (33.3%), insulin (13.9%), oral antiplatelet agents (13.3%), or oral hypoglycemic agents (10.7%) 

Most of these adverse drug events were due to too much of a good thing.  Bleeding due to too much warfarin.  Hypoglycemia due to too much insulin.  I thought this was nicely summed up by one comment the authors made
“The high numbers of hospitalizations for hypoglycemia from antidiabetic agents is consistent with mounting evidence of adverse outcomes from hypoglycemia and suggestions that current guideline and performance measures may not reflect optimal diabetes management for all patients.”    

The secondary outcomes is where I thought the most interesting and dubious points of the paper laid waiting for me.

The secondary outcome that the authors looked at was hospitalization for an adverse event due to a medication currently designated as “high-risk” in the elderly by the 2011 HEDIS or “potentially inappropriate” by the 2003 update of the Beers criteria. The authors found that:

  • Only 1.2% of hospitalizations for adverse drug events were attributed to HEDIS high-risk medications 
  • Only 6.6% of hospitalizations were attributed to Beers criteria potentially inappropriate medications.
  • More than half of the hospitalizations for Beers-criteria medications involved digoxin 

Does this mean the Beers criteria doesn’t matter, as long as you just don’t use digoxin? Absolutely not. 

The authors state in their discussion that inappropriate prescribing only accounts for a small proportion of all admissions due to adverse drug events. However, the study only classified adverse drug events if an emergency department physician both identified and documented the adverse drug event.

What this study may actually tell us is that emergency physicians are really good at picking up not so subtle hemorrhages due to antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents, but they are more than likely not so good at picking up events like drug induced delirium. These types of adverse events from “inappropriate medications” are more likely to be diagnosed during the course of the hospitalization, or not at all.

Like the medical practice clinic that tries to get all their elderly diabetic patients to a goal Hgb A1C less than 7, the authors fall into the trap of doing too much with a good thing.  This study gives good evidence that serious adverse events are common, and that the older you are, the more likely they will occur.  Trying though to downplay the significance of inappropriate medication usage in the elderly just isn't warranted given the limitations of their study.

 by: Eric Widera
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Saturday, November 19, 2011

The Hospital Disability Syndrome

Ken Covinsky previously posted on GeriPal a while back about the dangers of hospitalization in older adults.   Ken notes in that post that hospitalization is a vulnerable period leading to major new disability for many older adults.  More recently, Ken, GeriPal contributor Bree Johnston, and honorary GeriPal member Edgar Pierluissi authored a terrific article about hospital-associated disability in one of those pre-blogging era, old-fashioned periodicals...JAMA.

I'm not going to be able to sum up this meaty piece of scholarship in this post.  Let me say only that if you care for hospitalized older adults, and can only read one article that changes for the better how you care for them, this would be that article.   Let me relay some of the disruptive perspectives offered:

  • Move over traditional geriatric syndromes, and make way for the newcomer:  hospital-associated disability should be considered a geriatric syndrome (the "hospital disability syndrome").  Hospital-associated disability shares hallmark features with the well-established geriatric syndromes, such as falls, delirium, and incontinence.  The etiology of hospital-associated disability is nearly always multifactorial.  These syndromes occur in older adults who have accumulated impairments across multiple domains, and are vulnerable to the stress of an acute illness or hospitalization.  
  • Stop using "the one-point restraint."  By that they mean a urinary catheter (Foley).  Much of what is routine about hospitalization impairs older adults ability to recover and promotes additional functional decline.  Some key examples: bed rest to prevent falls (immobility leading to loss of function), diphenhydramine to help the patient sleep (delirium leading to loss of function), and a urinary catheter (restraint leading to immobility leading to loss of function).  They suggest that the benefits of accurate measurement of urinary output with a catheter are outweighed by the risks of infection and immobility in the elderly.  Next time you admit that 80 year old with a CHF exacerbation, rely on daily weights rather than putting in a catheter.  Help them walk to the scale.
  • Let them eat food, and food with taste.  Have you ever had a no-salt, low carb, fat free meal?  How about being offered that for breakfast, lunch, and dinner for days on end?  No wonder nutritional status drops quickly with hospitalization, and that doesn't even count the nothing by mouth (NPO) order that older adults are often slapped with until the speech and swallow folks can assess them (on hospital day 3).
  • "Discharge rounds" should be renamed "going home rounds."  "Discharge" is utilization focused, and aligns with the hospital's financial interests, as they are generally paid a set amount of money for a given admitting diagnosis.  The shorter the hospitalization, the greater the profit for the hospital.  "Going home rounds," in contrast, is patient centered, and recognizes that return home from hospitalization is an important transition that requires proper planning and support.
  • Mortality is high for older adults with hospital-associated disability.  As high as 40% at one year!  Palliative care should be a key part of the care plan.  So what is palliative care for disabled elders?  Yes, pain is mentioned, but so are several features that certainly weren't on the palliative care boards when I took them last year: motorized scooters to make getting around easier; home modifications such as support bars and a shower chair to promote independence at home; and paratransit services to facilitate independence outside of the home.  These features support disabled older adults' dignity at a vulnerable time, in what may their last months of life.  Sounds like palliative care to me.

by: Alex Smith
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Sunday, November 13, 2011

Quality Indicators Can Cause Harm in Older Patients: An Inconvenient Truth

Quality indicators are used to measure the quality of health care delivered to patients. Quality indicators are used extensively in the VA health system, and efforts are underway in Medicare to tie reimbursement levels to performance on quality indicators.

The motivations for using quality indicators are guided by the best of intentions. There are many problems with the quality of health care in the US, and quality indicators aim to improve this care. When put to their best use, quality indicators can improve care.

However, a recent commentary in JAMA from our UCSF colleagues, Geriatricians Sei Lee and Louise Walter raise serious concerns about unintended harms from quality indicators. Lee and Walter make a compelling arguement that quality indicators, when used indiscriminantly, can actually harm the quality of care provided to the older persons. This is particularly true for the most frail and vulnerable elders.

How is it possible that something designed to improve care can actually be dangerous to the patients they are supposed to help?

A key issue is that quality indicators almost always promote more medical intervention and more medical intervention is not always better. This is especially the case in frail older persons, where the risks of treatments often exceeds the benefits.

Lee and Walter illustrates this problem with the HEDIS quality indicator for hypertension. This indicator measures the proportion of patients with high blood pressure who have a blood pressure of less then 140/90. In most cases, this is a reasonable target. However, in some frail older patients, the focus on blood pressure targets need to be balanced by concerns about side effects. This includes sometimes debilitating orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure when standing that can lead to dizziness and falls) and side effects of adding additional medicines in a patient with an already very full pillbox.

A doctor who decides it is in a frail older patient's best interest to allow the blood pressure to go over the HEDIS target will appear to be providing poor quality of care. In contrast, a doctor who blindly aims for the HEDIS target in all patients will look very good. Lee and Walter note that HEDIS should balance its hypertension quality indicator by measuring consequences of overtreatment like orthostatic hypotension and syncope.

Lee notes a similar problem with many quality indicators for glucose control in patients with diabetes. Virtually all measure the proportion of patients with glucose levels below a specified target. But virtually none measure complications of aggressive blood sugar control like hypoglycemia. This lack of balance can be dangerous in the older patient, in whom the benefits of tight blood sugar control may be small, but the consequences of hypoglycemia can be catastrophic.

Quality indicators, including HEDIS measures, have undoubtedly improved the health of many patients. But the lack of balance in these measures has likely harmed the health of some frail older patients. Quality indicators need to balance their focus on more medical intervention by acknowledging that more medical intervention is sometimes harmful.

It is time for the quality improvement community to start taking concerns about potential downsides of quality indicators seriously.

by: ken covinsky
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Friday, November 11, 2011

What Drugs Should You Avoid In the Elderly: An Update on the Beers Criteria

Dr. Mark Beers 
Should you always avoid the use of metaclopromide in the elderly (I still use it in some circumstances)?  What about scopolamine - avoid always or consider for some instances like motion sickness?   And what about Megace - yet another drug to always avoid?

According to the new draft guidelines for the new AGS Updated Beers Criteria the answer for these questions and for many other medications is a clear "avoid".  Now is your chance though to both read these draft guidelines and to give your opinion before they are finalized (click here for the AGS site).

Why spend your time doing this?

It’s been two decades since the original Beers Criteria was published by the late Dr. Mark Beers. The original list comprised of drugs that were potentially inappropriate for elderly patients residing in nursing homes but have been subsequently revised to include elderly patients in all settings.

The drugs listed in the Beers Criteria have side effects that were thought to be far more harmful in elderly patients than any potential therapeutic benefit.   They have been used by health care providers to help guide prescribing, and educators like myself to teach what drugs to avoid in the elderly.  Importantly though, other entities like CMS, the National Committee on Quality Assurance (NCQA), and Pharmaceutical Quality Alliance (PQA) are all interested in using the criteria as part of their quality measures.

In 2011, AGS convened an expert panel that reviewed available evidence as a part of its process for revising these guidelines.  These updated criteria address three primary areas:
  • Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Persons: Independent of Diagnoses or Conditions 
  • Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Persons Due To Drug – Disease/ Syndrome Interaction 
  • Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Persons: Drugs to be used with caution

So now is the time to comment before these guidelines are potentially used as a quality measure for your own practice. The draft AGS Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults (AGS Beers Criteria) will be available on the America Geriatrics Society (AGS) website for public comment until 5:00pm ET on November, 28, 2011.


 by: Eric Widera

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